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KMID : 1039120150040010068
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Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
2015 Volume.4 No. 1 p.68 ~ p.74
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Cellular immune response following pre-exposure and postexposure rabies vaccination by intradermal and intramuscular routes
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Venkataswamy Manjunatha Muniswamappa
Madhusudana Shampur Narayan
Sanyal Sampada Sudarshan
Taj Shaheen
Belludi Ashwin Yajaman
Mani Reeta Subramaniam
Hazra Nandita
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Abstract
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Purpose: Immunization against rabies in humans induces protective neutralizing antibodies; however, the induction of type 1 or type 2 cytokine mediated cellular immune responses following rabies vaccination is not understood. Hence, the present study investigated cellular cytokine responses in vaccinated individuals.
Materials and Methods: The study groups included healthy rabies antigen naive controls (n=10), individuals who received intradermal primary (n=10) or booster pre-exposure vaccination (n=20) and subjects who received postexposure rabies vaccination either by intradermal (n=18) or intramuscular (n=20) routes. The antigen specific cellular responses were analyzed by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with a rabies vaccine antigen in the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. These responses were compared to the rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) titers that were measured by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test.
Results: We observed that cellular and humoral immune responses to primary intradermal rabies vaccination could be greatly enhanced by a booster vaccine; and both type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses were significantly elevated. The magnitude of type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses did not differ significantly among the intramuscular and intradermal routes of postexposure vaccination. The number of cells producing IFN-γ and IL-4 correlated significantly with the levels of RVNA.
Conclusion: Both type 1 and type 2 cellular cytokine responses are strongly induced after rabies vaccination and directly correlate with levels of RVNA titers. The neutralizing antibody as well as the type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses may be important for vaccine induced protective responses against rabies.
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KEYWORD
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Rabies, Rabies prophylaxis, Rabies vaccines, IFN gamma, IL4, Immune response
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